Written analysis of a quantitative research report to determine the Paper

Composed investigation of a quantitative report to decide the legitimacy of the examination - Research Paper Example (Choi, 2005; Gardner, 2005a; Jeffreys, 2007b). Examination on worry in nursing understudies demonstrates these understudies experience an assortment of stressors, for example, dread of disappointment, money related issues, quiet consideration duties, and offsetting school work with individual life (Jones and Johnston, 1997, 1999). Besides, the more noteworthy the pressure encountered, the more prominent the negative impacts it has on understudy learning and achievement (Gwele and Uys, 1998; Jones and Johnston, 1997). Theoretical model is utilized in types of diargrams and scales and it is utilized to assist us with understanding the topic. This model incorporates 11 showing techniques, for example, prepairing learning destinations identified with correspondence, premitting articulation of character and social sharing,providing bilinguaal and bicultural openings, demonstrating the utilization of writings and assets, and nonstop assesment. The discoveries of this investigation reflect past writing demonstrating that remote conceived nursing understudies report issues of segregation, generalizing, and social ineptitude or incongruence (Gardner, 2005b; Jeffreys, 2007a). An interpretive phenomenological configuration was utilized to look at pressure encounters and view of staff support among remote brought into the world nonexclusive baccalaureate nursing understudies. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is a way to deal with psychologicalâ qualitative researchâ with an idiographic center, which implies that it plans to offer bits of knowledge into how a given individual, in a given setting, understands a givenâ phenomenon. Generally these wonders identify with encounters of some close to home essentialness -, for example, a significant life occasion, or the advancement of a significant relationship. It has its hypothetical beginnings inâ phenomenologyâ andâ hermeneutics, and key thoughts from Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Pontyâ are frequently citedâ . IPA is one of a few ways to deal with subjective, phenomenological brain research. An intentional example of outside conceived

The Defence of the Corporate Veil - Parent Companies Beware! :: Business Management Studies

The Defense of the Corporate Veil - Parent Companies Beware! Much intrigue has as of late been appeared in the potential outcomes of the judgment given in Stocznia Gdanska SA - v-Latvian Shipping Co and others, which was considerably maintained by the Court of Appeal on 21 June 2002. In spite of the fact that the case identified with Shipbuilding Contracts, the result has strengthened the customary view that the Courts won't face any further disintegration of the basic rule of English Company Law that an organization is to be viewed as a legitimate element with a different legitimate character, particular from that of its individuals. In any case, the case has featured potential elective wellsprings of obligation for parent organizations building up entirely possessed single-reason auxiliaries - in numerous industry segments, including delivery, property and expensive resource account. The fundamental standards The rule of isolated corporate character has been built up for longer than a century. In the main instance of Salomon - v-Salomon and Co. (1897), the House of Lords held that, paying little heed to the degree of a specific investor's enthusiasm for the organization, and in any case that such investor had sole control of the organization's issues as its administering executive, the organization's demonstrations were not his demonstrations; nor were its liabilities his liabilities. In this manner, the way that one investor controls all, or basically every one of, the offers in an organization isn't a adequate explanation behind overlooking the legitimate character of the organization; in actuality, the shroud of consolidation won't be lifted so as to characteristic the rights or liabilities of an organization to its investors. The essential standard built up in Salomon according to single organizations was stretched out to gatherings of organizations by a relatively late choice of the Court of Appeal in Adams - v-Cape Industries PLC (1990). All things considered, the Court of Appeal held that, as an issue of law, it was not qualified for lift the corporate shroud against a litigant organization, which was an individual from a corporate gathering, simply since the corporate structure had been utilized in order to guarantee that the legitimate obligation in regard of specific future exercises of the gathering would fall on another individual from the gathering as opposed to on the litigant organization. Basically, the Court of Appeal dismissed the contention that the corporate shroud ought to be punctured in light of the fact that a gathering of organizations worked as a solitary financial substance. Related standards and contemplations A result of the fundamental Salomon rule is that an organization can't be portrayed as an operator of its investors except if there is clear proof to show that the organization was in truth going about as a specialist in a specific exchange or arrangement of exchanges.

5 Reasons to Prototype Software

5 Reasons to Prototype Software Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Reasons to Prototype SoftwareUpdated On 15/05/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2JkRKdc CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogCompared to what was developed just a few years ago, modern software is growing increasingly complex. No matter what type of software you’re looking to develop, it’s important to always follow the software development life cycle (SDLC). While all of the phases are important in designing a successful piece of software, the earlier steps are truly the most critical.Before your software ever becomes reality, you want to take the time to plan and analyze the software. The earlier phases should include activities such as project initiation where a project team is identified, requirements gathering, analysis, and of course, design planning.Wireframing and prototyping are key activities during the design planning phase. Keep reading to learn 5 reasons why it’s so important to utilize prototype software before you move to the development phase.1. More Accurate Requirements GatheringAs a software developer, you likely know the pain of having to rework and redesign software because of inadequate requirements. Before you ever begin to develop, you want to have solid customer requirements so that you know exactly what the client is looking for, to include features, functionality, and any UX/UI requirements.Most project teams participate in requirements gathering meetings and focus groups. While these meetings are a good way to discuss process needs, existing problems, and to gather high-level requirements, they often fall short. This is because clients often have a hard time conceptualizing a product before they can actually see it.By developing a working prototype, you can walk users through a barebones solution that allows them to see the functionality of the software. This helps to solidify require ments so that your final design is exactly what the customer envisioned.2. Find Issues Early OnDeveloping new software always comes with the risk of failure. But, its much better to fail early on in the process than months into it. By taking the time to prototype youre able to work out any kinks or issues early on in the process. Youre able to figure out which approaches will work and week out the ones that dont exactly meet customer requirements and needs.Failing early and spotting issues early on in the process is also much more costly. If youre able to fix an issue before it becomes a more serious problem, youll spend much less time back-tracking and reworking. The less time you spend fixing issues later on that could have been caught in the earlier stages, the betterREADDon't Want The Office? 5 Technologies That Help You Run Your Business RemotelyRemember, it’s much easier to fix bugs when the product is in its bare bone stages. Fine tune early on in the process and you’ll f ind that developing becomes much easier.3. Save Time MoneySoftware development is expensive. It’s even more costly when you’re reworking and rewriting the software during the testing phase of development. By creating a prototype, youre able to avoid the fatal problems that come with a lack of planning and pre-development coordination. Its extremely difficult, time consuming, and expensive to make significant changes to software once its already mostly complete.On the other hand, prototyping is inexpensive and it offers much more room for flexibility. By ironing out issues ahead of time, misunderstandings, new requirements, and other developments can be more easily addressed.4. More CollaborationWaterfall development is problematic in that the stages of software development often become isolated from each other. Theres nothing more problematic than having your UX designers, coders, and testers working from different requirements and expectations. Working each phase in a silo is a sure fire way to fail.But, by prototyping, you can get input from each of the project teams. From development to testing, you can work concurrently to build a product that best meets customer needs.Prototyping is also beneficial in that it greatly improves the interaction between stakeholders, developers, and end users. This makes everyone feel more invested in the project and the overall product.5. Easier to Get Customer Buy-In It’s impossible to know if a piece of software meets a customer’s needs if they aren’t able to visually see it. No matter how well you explain and market the product, there’s nothing that replaces a tangible representation of the end product. Prototyping software makes it much easier to sell the product to potential customers.When clients have the ability to see and interact with the software, they dont have to only rely on concepts and words when making a potentially expensive business decision. This makes it much easier for a customer to commit t o purchasing the product.Prototype Your Way to Software SuccessPlanning, designing, and prototyping are the building blocks of a sturdy foundation for a new piece of software. If you want to minimize bugs and get early customer buy-in, it’s important that your team takes the time to create a prototype of the full scale software that will eventually be built.

Justice Without Justice What if the Criminal Justice System isnt Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1195 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Did you like this example? Oftentimes in society, much of what drives law enforcement can be the community and society they are involved in. Socioeconomic status, racial underpinnings within communities, and overall demeanor are factors that affect how a law enforcement officer may interact with the residents of their community. In the movie Murder on a Sunday Morning, these interactions are not only seen within law enforcement but the members of Jacksonville Florida. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Justice Without Justice: What if the Criminal Justice System isnt Justice" essay for you Create order Identified as the suspected killer in Mary Ann Stephens murder, Brenton Butler is identified and captured within 2 hours of the killing. Much of this swift capture can be attributed to the racial profiling of the husband, as well as Officer Martin’s first-hand account as the first officer on the scene. The public defender, Ann Finnell, supports this theory, stating that racial profiling may have caused a law abiding citizen his life in prison. In this film, views of racial profiling and improper police conduct ultimately led to years of pain, as well as lawsuits filed against the City of Jacksonville, after Butler’s not guilty verdict. Unfortunately, race, religion, and ethnicity have become too common in our society as catalysts for violent murders, shooting rampages, and organized crimes. The most common is race, being easy to differentiate an African American from a Caucasian. These stark differences have led to wrongful convictions, racial injustice, and a divide between law enforcement and the public. The events portrayed in Murder on a Sunday Morning are just that. Jim Stephens quickly identifies Brenton Butler as the shooting in his wifes death, and this leads to a spiral for Brenton Butler. His lawyer, Pat McGuinness, focuses on the racial profiling that exists. The fact that Jim identifies the killer as a black man, and Butler happened to be walking by should have absolutely no correlation, but Stephen’s upbringing in Georgia may have fueled his ill taste toward African Americans. Ann Finnell begins to break down the story given by Stephen, focusing on the fact that Butler was wearing a shirt with a logo, though Stephens never identified a logo. The perception of an African American often seems to focus solely on the fact that the color of that persons skin is dark. I found it easy to connect this story to modern times, through examples of such profiling. In 2012, George Zimmerman shot and killed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin, because Zimmerman perceived Martin to be a threat of some kind. This as well happened in Florida and may be due to some sort of cultural bias towards African Americans in the southern region of the country. The racial profiling that occurred may have been taken into account and led to the not guilty verdict of Brenton Butler. Ann Finnell, the public defender highlights this in the beginning, talking about this idea of racial profiling, and it is all too common in the society we live in today. Racial profiling is in someways traced back to the community. We have this sense that everyone should look like us, and that anything different may be bad. Just becaus e someones skin is a different color in no way means they are either inferior or more likely to cause a crime. Oftentimes, we get caught up in stereotypes. Statistically, people tend to believe that young African American males are dangerous. It is evident all around the country, and yes, there are young African American men who have committed crimes, but what about the older Caucasian woman who also committed the same murder? The criminal justice system clouds its vision with the idea of what a criminal should look like, and this means that people will sometimes not pay for a crime they committed, or even worse, pay for a crime they did not commit. In addition to racial profiling, police brutality and policing tactics are also a common issue that arises in the criminal justice world. In this film, and in the reading â€Å"I Did it† police scare tactics and even violence are used in an effort to get a confession, whether real or coerced. In the film, Brenton Butler was found with bruises and marks indicating that he had been hit. Brenton Butler may have very well have confessed both due to the violence towards him, as well as the fact that he is an African American male who is being charged murder. In the reading â€Å"I Did it† Kolker talks about how law enforcement will sometimes lie, making up some false evidence in an effort to get a coerced confession out of a possible suspect. In the reading, Sterling had a solid alibi at the time of the murder, yet somehow, 3 years later, Sterling was in an interrogation room, admitting to the murder of Viola Manville. In some ways, through the reading and the film, I got a sense that much of the coercion that occurs is due to the fact that the suspect does not know their rights to an attorney, is unable to pay for a lawyer, or the police are so convincing that the suspect believes they did it, and sees the officer as a higher power how knows better than them. Whatever reason causes coerced confessions, they cause a skewed vision of the criminal justice system. When Brenton Butler was interrogated, the detectives essentially told him what he had done. Butler, not aware of his rights, is asked to sign the form. The detective then hits Brenton Butler, after threatening to him if he did not sign the form. During the trial, Butler’s lawyers break down the confession, questioning the detectives confession written on behalf of Butler. Butler’s lawyers break down the fact that none of what was written ever came out of Brenton Butler’s mouth. This type of coercion may be a way for officers to be received by the community as doing their du ty. This comes at the cost of someones innocence or a guilty mans free walk. Sometimes, the criminal justice system either fails to review all of the evidence or someones personal beliefs and intuitions may cloud such judgment and the officer may be unwilling to admit their mistake and fix it. There are entire offices dedicated to the freedom of wrongly convicted felons, many of which were in some way coerced into a confession. In my opinion, this is an example of some type of police brutality. Even though it may not be physical, it is a downright abuse of power that places someones freedom at an inferior level to the officers ego or vindictive feelings towards a suspect. The racial profiling and police tactics portrayed in Murder on a Sunday Morning, as well as in the reading â€Å"I Did It† reveal a harsh reality that engulfs the criminal justice system to this day. Racism within the criminal justice system places an ethnic divide on communities and can cause a greater gap between citizens and law enforcement. Policing tactics border on illegal and are fraudulent in nature. These acts have unfortunately made their way to the news headlines, and more often than not, lead to a criminal justice system that is skewed, and is viewed as a negative part of the community.

Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems by C. E. Shanon - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2962 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? https://www. socialresearchmethods. net/kb/sampaper. php Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems? By C. E. SHANNON 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The problems of cryptography and secrecy systems furnish an interesting application of communication theory1. In this paper a theory of secrecy systems is developed. The approach is on a theoretical level and is intended to complement the treatment found in standard works on cryptography2. There, a detailed study is made of the many standard types of codes and ciphers, and of the ways of breaking them. We will be more concerned with the general mathematical structure and properties of secrecy systems. The treatment is limited in certain ways. First, there are three general types of secrecy system: (1) concealment systems, including such methods as invisible ink, concealing a message in an innocent text, or in a fake covering cryptogram, or other methods in which the existence of the message is concealed from the enemy; (2) privacy systems, for example speech inversion, in which special equipment is required to recover the message; (3) â€Å"true† secrecy systems where the meaning of the message is concealed by cipher, code, etc. although its existence is not hidden, and the enemy is assumed to have any special equipment necessary to intercept and record the transmitted signal. We consider only the third type—concealment system are primarily a psychological problem and privacy systems a technological one. Secondly, the treatment is limited to the case of discrete infor mation where the message to be enciphered consists of a sequence of discrete symbols, each chosen from a finite set. These symbols may be letters in a language, words of a language, amplitude levels of a â€Å"quantized† speech or video signal, etc. but the main emphasis and thinking has been concerned with the case of letters. The paper is divided into three parts. The main results will now be briefly summarized. The first part deals with the basic mathematical structure of secrecy systems. As in communication theory a language is considered to be represented by a stochastic process which produces a discrete sequence of ? The material in this paper appeared in a confidential report â€Å"A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography† dated Sept. 1, 1946, which has now been declassified. 1 Shannon, C. E. â€Å"A Mathematical Theory of Communication,† Bell System Technical Journal, July 1948, p. 623. 2 See, for example, H. F. Gaines, â€Å"Elementary Cryptanalysis,† or M. Givierge, â€Å"Cours de Cryptographie. † symbols in accordance with some system of probabilities. Associated with a language there is a certain parameter D which we call the redundancy of the language. D measures, in a sense, how much a text in the language can be reduced in length without losing any information. As a simple example, since u always follows q in English words, the u may be omitted without loss. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems by C. E. Shanon" essay for you Create order Considerable reductions are possible in English due to the statistical structure of the language, the high frequencies of certain letters or words, etc. Redundancy is of central importance in the study of secrecy systems. A secrecy system is defined abstractly as a set of transformations of one space (the set of possible messages) into a second space (the set of possible cryptograms). Each particular transformation of the set corresponds to enciphering with a particular key. The transformations are supposed reversible (non-singular) so that unique deciphering is possible when the key is known. Each key and therefore each transformation is assumed to have an a priori probability associated with it—the probability of choosing that key. Similarly each possible message is assumed to have an associated a priori probability, determined by the underlying stochastic process. These probabilities for the various keys and messages are actually the enemy cryptanalyst’s a priori probabilities for the choices in question, and represent his a priori knowledge of the situation. To use the system a key is first selected and sent to the receiving point. The choice of a key determines a particular transformation in the set forming the system. Then a message is selected and the particular transformation corresponding to the selected key applied to this message to produce a cryptogram. This cryptogram is transmitted to the receiving point by a channel and may be intercepted by the â€Å"enemy? † At the receiving end the inverse of the particular transformation is applied to the cryptogram to recover the original message. If the enemy intercepts the cryptogram he can calculate from it the a posteriori probabilities of the various possible messages and keys which might have produced this cryptogram. This set of a posteriori probabilities constitutes his knowledge of the key and message after the interception. â€Å"Knowledge† is thus identified with a set of propositions having associated probabilities. The calculation of the a posteriori probabilities is the generalized problem of cryptanalysis. As an example of these notions, in a simple substitution cipher with random key there are 26! transformations, corresponding to the 26! ways we can substitute for 26 different letters. These are all equally likely and each therefore has an a priori probability 1 26! . If this is applied to â€Å"normal English† The word â€Å"enemy,† stemming from military applications, is commonly used in cryptographic work to denote anyone who may intercept a cryptogram. 657 the cryptanalyst being assumed to have no knowledge of the message source other than that it is producing English text, the a priori probabilities of various messages of N letters are merely their relative fre quencies in normal English text. If the enemy intercepts N letters of cryptograms in this system his probabilities change. If N is large enough (say 50 letters) there is usually a single message of a posteriori probability nearly unity, while all others ave a total probability nearly zero. Thus there is an essentially unique â€Å"solution† to the cryptogram. For N smaller (say N = 15) there will usually be many messages and keys of comparable probability, with no single one nearly unity. In this case there are multiple â€Å"solutions† to the cryptogram. Considering a secrecy system to be represented in this way, as a set of transformations of one set of elements into another, there are two natural combining operations which produce a third system from two given systems. The first combining operation is called the product operation and corresponds to enciphering the message with the first secrecy system R and enciphering the resulting cryptogram with the second system S, the keys for R and S being chosen independently. This total operation is a secrecy system whose transformations consist of all the products (in the usual sense of products of transformations) of transformations in S with transformations in R. The probabilities are the products of the probabilities for the two transformations. The second combining operation is â€Å"weighted addition. † T = pR + qS p + q = 1 It corresponds to making a preliminary choice as to whether system R or S is to be used with probabilities p and q, respectively. When this is done R or S is used as originally defined. It is shown that secrecy systems with these two combining operations form essentially a â€Å"linear associative algebra† with a unit element, an algebraic variety that has been extensively studied by mathematicians. Among the many possible secrecy systems there is one type with many special properties. This type we call a â€Å"pure† system. A system is pure if all keys are equally likely and if for any three transformations Ti; Tj; Tk in the set the product TiT 1 j Tk is also a transformation in the set. That is, enciphering, deciphering, and enciphering with any three keys must be equivalent to enciphering with some key. With a pure cipher it is shown that all keys are essentially equivalent— they all lead to the same set of a posteriori probabilities. Furthermore, when 658 a given cryptogram is intercepted there is a set of messages that might have produced this cryptogram (a â€Å"residue class†) and the a posteriori probabilities of message in this class are proportional to the a priori probabilities. All the information the enemy has obtained by intercepting the cryptogram is a specification of the residue class. Many of the common ciphers are pure systems, including simple substitution with random key. In this case the residue class consists of all messages with the same pattern of letter repetitions as the intercepted cryptogram. Two systems R and S are defined to be â€Å"similar† if there exists a fixed transformation A with an inverse, A 1, such that R = AS: If R and S are similar, a one-to-one correspondence between the resulting cryptograms can be set up leading to the same a posteriori probabilities. The two systems are cryptanalytically the same. The second part of the paper deals with the problem of â€Å"theoretical secrecy†. How secure is a system against cryptanalysis when the enemy has unlimited time and manpower available for the analysis of intercepted cryptograms? The problem is closely related to questions of communication in the presence of noise, and the concepts of entropy and equivocation developed for the communication problem find a direct application in this part of cryptography. â€Å"Perfect Secrecy† is defined by requiring of a system that after a cryptogram is intercepted by the enemy the a posteriori probabilities of this cryptogram representing various messages be identically the same as the a priori probabilities of the same messages before the interception. It is shown that perfect secrecy is possible but requires, if the number of messages is finite, the same number of possible keys. If the message is thought of as being constantly generated at a given â€Å"rate† R (to be defined later), key must be generated at the same or a greater rate. If a secrecy system with a finite key is used, and N letters of cryptogram intercepted, there will be, for the enemy, a certain set of messages with certain probabilities that this cryptogram could represent. As N increases the field usually narrows down until eventually there is a unique â€Å"solution† to the cryptogram; one message with probability essentially unity while all others are practically zero. A quantity H(N) is defined, called the equivocation, which measures in a statistical way how near the average cryptogram of N letters is to a unique solution; that is, how uncertain the enemy is of the original message after intercepting a cryptogram of N letters. Various properties of the equivocation are deduced—for example, the equivocation of the key never increases with increasing N. This equivocation is a theoretical secrecy 659 index—theoretical in that it allows the enemy unlimited time to analyse the cryptogram. The function H(N) for a certain idealized type of cipher called the random cipher is determined. With certain modifications this function can be applied to many cases of practical interest. This gives a way of calculating approximately how much intercepted material is required to obtain a solution to a secrecy system. It appears from this analysis that with ordinary languages and the usual types of ciphers (not codes) this â€Å"unicity distance† is approximately H(K) D . Here H(K) is a number measuring the â€Å"size† of the key space. If all keys are a priori equally likely H(K) is the logarithm of the number of possible keys. D is the redundancy of the language and measures the amount of â€Å"statistical constraint† imposed by the language. In simple substitution with random key H(K) is log 1026! or about 20 and D (in decimal digits per letter) is about :7 for English. Thus unicity occurs at about 30 letters. It is possible to construct secrecy systems with a finite key for certain â€Å"languages† in which the equivocation does not approach zero as N! 1. In this case, no matter how much material is intercepted, the enemy still does not obtain a unique solution to the cipher but is left with many alternatives, all of reasonable probability. Such systems we call ideal systems. It is possible in any language to approximate such behavior—i. e. , to make the approach to zero of H(N) recede out to arbitrarily large N. However, such systems have a number of drawbacks, such as complexity and sensitivity to errors in transmission of the cryptogram. The third part of the paper is concerned with â€Å"practical secrecy†. Two systems with the same key size may both be uniquely solvable when N letters have been intercepted, but differ greatly in the amount of labor required to effect this solution. An analysis of the basic weaknesses of secrecy systems is made. This leads to methods for constructing systems which will require a large amount of work to solve. Finally, a certain incompatibility among the various desirable qualities of secrecy systems is discussed. Inquiring Thinking Abstract This paper has three main objectives. First, it examines five inquiring systems drawn from the western philosophical perspective which can be used in the design professions, such as architecture, engineering and urban planning. Second, it illustrates through hypothetical examples, how to use inquiring systems for decision-making using statistical analysis and/or the Delphi Method, based on the inquiry systems derived from the philosophies of Leibniz, Locke, Kant, Hegel, and Singer. And third, it demonstrates and discusses the appropriateness of using each of these systems of inquiry. It is concluded that designers can effectively utilize these systems of inquiry for decision making while dealing with projects ranging from the most benign to the highly complex. Key words : Decision Making; Delphi Method; Engineering Management; Expert Knowledge; Inquiring Systems Stress In The Workplace Abstract This paper will address the subject of stress in todays workplace and the resulting adverse health affects by identifying the health problems associated with untreated stress, indicators of stress, the sources of stress within organizations, the stress involved with organizational change, and interventions available to combat the adverse affects of stress. Unhealthy or unproductive stress levels must be addressed in any organization in order for businesses to survive and grow while simultaneously maintaining an acceptable level of employee satisfaction. Long-Term Contracts For Natural Gas Abstract In this paper, we analyze the determinants of contract duration in a large number of natural gas contracts. We test the impact of different institutional and structural variables on the duration of contracts. We find that in general, contract duration decreases as the market structure of the industry develops from monopolistic to more competitive regimes. Our main finding is that contracts that are linked to an asset-specific investment are on average 7 years longer than the others; however, their duration decreases with liberalization as well. Keywords: long-term contracts, asset-specificity, natural gas Anger and emotion ABSTRACT: A series of surveys on the everyday experience of anger is described, and a sample of data from these surveys is used to address a number of issues related to the social bases of anger. These issues include the connection between anger and aggression; he targets, instigations, and consequences of typical episodes of anger; the differences between anger and annoyance; and possible sex differences in the experience and/or expression of anger. In a larger sense, however, the primary focus of the paper is not on anger and aggression. Rather, anger is used as a paradigm case to explore a number of issues in the study of emotion, including the advantages and limitations of laboratory research, the use of self-re ports, the proper unit of analysis for the study of emotion, the relationship between human and animal emotion, and he authenticity of socially constituted emotional responses. The Effects of a Supported Employment Program on Psychosocial Indicators for Persons with Severe Mental Illness William M. K. Trochim Cornell University Abstract This paper describes the psychosocial effects of a program of supported employment (SE) for persons with severe mental illness. The SE program involves extended individualized supported employment for clients through a Mobile Job Support Worker (MJSW) who maintains contact with the client after job placement and supports the client in a variety of ways. A 50% simple random sample was taken of all persons who entered the Thresholds Agency between 3/1/93 and 2/28/95 and who met study criteria. The resulting 484 cases were randomly assigned to either the SE condition (treatment group) or the usual protocol (control group) which consisted of life skills training and employment in an in-house sheltered workshop setting. All participants were measured at intake and at 3 months after beginning employment, on two measures of psychological functioning (the BPRS and GAS) and two measures of self esteem (RSE and ESE). Significant treatment effects were found on all four measures, but they were in the opposite direction from what was hypothesized. Instead of functioning better and having more self esteem, persons in SE had lower functioning levels and lower self esteem. The most likely explanation is that people who work in low-paying service jobs in real world settings generally do not like them and experience significant job stress, whether they have severe mental illness or not. The implications for theory in psychosocial rehabilitation are considered. Abstract Example Tan, A. , Fujioka, Y. and Tan G. 2000). Television use, stereotypes of African Americans and opinions on Affirmative Action: An affective model of policy reasoning. Communication Monographs, 67 (4) 362-371. Policy reasoning has been a source of research for many years, because the political arena is such a strong determinant of the way our society functions. Many works have emerged on why people take the sides they do when decidin g on political issues. However, Tan, Fujioka Tan believed political reasoning has not been explored as effectively as possible because of the heuristic models utilized to analyze this behavior. They believed that the most heuristic models dont incorporate media as a variable in affecting policy reasoning. In order to explore this further, they looked at the power of the model to explain how citizens make up their minds regarding government policies on affirmative action, with stereotypes of African Americans as the second stage, affective variable (p. 362). This abstract outlines the findings of their research by analyzing, section by section, the process they used to conduct their research and results.

Academic Writing Styles - 537 Words

Academic writing Proper academic writing should demonstrate the students understanding of the subject at hand. (Elton, 2010) adds that because academic writing may defer from discipline to discipline, instructors in schools have a duty to express their expectations of students’ writing while students on the other hand should act on it. Academic writing is logical The student’s work needs to have a introduction, the body and the conclusion. The introduction gives a background to the topic and one could include interesting facts and quotations. It is important to outline the main ideas that are in the body. The student then discusses the main points in the body. This is done in paragraphs which should be well structured to give a coherent argument. The conclusion is the final paragraph and must briefly summarise every idea discussed in the body. Other’s works Academic writing builds on what others have done on the same subject. A student therefore needs to base his work on his own ideas as well as what others have done and thought about, however, students should take care not to get lost in another scholar’s voice but should instead incorporate the information so as to maintain the novelty of his argument. (Hampton, 2014) states that another scholar’s work should be fully acknowledged by accurate citation. Academic writing is objective Academic writing is objective (A. De Montfort University Website, 2014) states that one needs to write in the third person and avoidShow MoreRelatedMy Strengths And Weaknesses Of An Effective Student988 Words   |  4 PagesI will explain the importance of solid communication skills, how I am going to improve my writing skills, and what benefits I will have because of solid communication and writing skills. ?Not having strong communication skills can affect someone in many ways that they are not aware of. 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Election Commissio free essay sample

All members of the federal legislature, the Parliament, are directly elected. Elections in India take place every five years by universal adult suffrage . India is the largest democracy in the World. Since 1947 then free and fair elections have been held at regular intervals as per the principles of the Constitution, Electoral Laws and System. The Constitution of India has vested in the Election Commission of India the superintendence , direction and control of the entire process for conduct of elections to Parliament and Legislature of every State and to the offices of President and Vice-President of India. An independent Election Commission has been established under the Constitution in order to carry out and regulate the holding of elections in India. The Election Commission was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950. Originally a Chief Election Commissioner ran the commission, but first in 1989 and later again in 1993 two additional Election Commissioners were appointed. The Election Commission is responsible for the conduct of elections to parliament and state legislatures and to the offices of the President and Vice-President. Indian Elections, the Largest Event in the World The independence of India came with the sorrow of partition of the country. After independence the main aim of the members of the constituent assembly was to make independent constitution for the country that would serve the people with the greatest happiness and prosperity. There was a requirement of democratic Government in India, which required the General Elections to be held in the country of 17 Crore eligible voters that time. General elections to the first Lok Sabha since independence were held in India between 25 October 1951 and 21 February 1952. These Elections are known as 1952 Elections as most part of India casted its vote in this year. The Indian National Congress (INC) stormed into power with 364 of the 489 seat. Conduct of General Elections in India for electing a new Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) involves management of the largest event in the world. The electorate exceeds 668 million voting in 800,000 polling stations spread across widely varying geographic and climatic zones. Polling stations are located in the snow-clad mountains in the Himalayas, the deserts of the Rajasthan and in sparsely populated islands in the Indian Ocean. Legal Provisions Regarding Election Verdicts Judicial Review The decisions of the Commission can be challenged in the High Court and the Supreme Court of the India by appropriate petitions. By long standing convention and several judicial pronouncements, once the actual process of elections has started, the judiciary does not intervene in the actual conduct of the polls. Once the polls are completed and result declared, the Commission cannot review any result on its own. This can only be reviewed through the process of an election petition, which can be filed before the High Court, in respect of elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. In respect of elections for the offices of the President and Vice President, such petitions can only be filed before the Supreme Court. Now after discussing all these provisions, laid down under Constitution of India regarding Election Commission, the elections, the election officers, the grave question arises is that whether the Elections are conducted fairly and also, is participation as an candidate or a part of civil society(the people of India)? Now let us discuss the requirements of Electoral Reforms for conducting fair elections and to form a good Democracy. Regarding this issue the Election Commission has proposed many reforms, and submitted to the Government in hope to help implement them. Some of them have been implemented but still the aim has not been achieved. Still there is a great requirement of Election Laws in Country like India. Consultations on Electoral reforms India has the largest Democracy in the world. However, there is a need to strengthen this democracy which can happen only with some reforms in our electoral system. There has been an urgent need for electoral reforms and demand for this need has been made by many government committees and civil society organizations. Hence, the initiative taken up by the Ministry of Law and Justice along with the Election Commission of India is appreciated and it surely is a step forward to accomplish this endeavor . Discussion on Various Reports There has been a growing concern over the years in India about several aspects of our electoral system. The Election Commission has made changes in several areas to respond to some of the concerns. There have also been a number of committees which have examined the major issues pertaining to our electoral system and made a number of recommendations. But there remain some critical issues that might need legislative action to bring about the required changes. †¢The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008) †¢Election Commission of India – Proposed Electoral Reforms (2004) †¢National Commission to review the Working of the Constitution (2001) †¢Law Commission Report on Reform of the Electoral Laws (1999) †¢Vohra Committee Report (1993) Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections (1998) †¢Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms There has also been a great deal of substantive work on the topic of Electoral Reforms undertaken by various civil society groups, which have contributed significantly to the public discourse on the subject. The Role of the ANTI-DEFECTION LAW The 10th Schedule to the Indian Constitution, that is popularly referred to as the ‘Anti-Defection Law’ was inserted by the 1985 Amendment to the Constitution. ‘Defection’ has been defined as, â€Å"To abandon a position or association, often to join an opposing group† The Advanced Law Lexicon efines defection as, â€Å"crossing the floor by a member of a Legislature is called defection. † The reasons for the addition of this Schedule were explained by the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Fifty-second Amendment (1985) to the constitution. The scope of this anti-defection law was examined in detail in Kihoto Hollohan v Zachillhu, a case that also analyzed various other aspects of this legislation also. Here, the court, spoke about the necessity of an anti-defection legislation, The introduction of Schedule X in the Constitution attempted to bring in a comprehensive legislation that would assail the menace of defection. While the law has succeeded in this aspect to a reasonable degree, there were certain ambiguities. The Courts of the land have done a fair job in expounding the stance by applying the law to particular facts and circumstances. Nevertheless, very few general propositions have been laid down which have a universal application. Thus, there seems to be considerable scope for judicial interpretation, one that may give further clarity on the law and may bring in a wider range of cases within the umbrella of this legislation. Proliferation of Non-Serious Candidates The abuse of religion and caste in the mobilization of voters. Potential solutions to these problems are outlined in this paper. This paper also takes consideration of major issues dealing with the role of political parties in the electoral system: proliferation of non-serious parties; process of recognition and DE recognition of political parties; disclosure of assets and liabilities of parties; and audit and publishing of assets and liabilities. Resolution of election petitions and disputes, as well as rulings on defections, are two important processes seen to be operating in a slow and inefficient manner by many pervious committees. This paper reviews recommendations made to mitigate these problems. The Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India, has constituted a Committee on Electoral Reforms. The main purpose of the Committee is to recommend to the government concrete ways in which our electoral system can be strengthened. The Committee will take into account the opinions of political leaders, Government servants, legal experts, NGOs, scholars, academics, journalists, and other stakeholders. The purpose of this background paper is to recap some of the key issues with our electoral system, and to briefly examine the recommendations made by some recent committees in this regard. It is hoped that this background paper will be a starting point to renew a national dialogue on the important changes that need to be brought about to strengthen our electoral system. The purpose of this paper is to provide background information on issues in our electoral process and outline some electoral reform options that have been considered in the past, in order to serve as a platform for a renewed national dialogue on electoral reforms. Disclosure of criminal antecedents of candidates Each candidate must file an affidavit regarding- i)cases, if any, in which the candidate has been accused of any offence punishable with imprisonment for two years or more in a pending case in which charges have been framed by the court, and (ii)Cases of conviction for an offence other than any of the offences mentionedin Section 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951, and sentenced to imprisonment for one year or more. (iii)In addition to this, pursuant to the order of the Election Commiss ion on March 27, 2003, candidates must file an additional affidavit stating- ? information relating to all pending cases in which cognizance has been taken by a Court, ? ssets and liabilities, and ?educational qualifications. The affidavit is given in a form prescribed by the Election Commission of India. Recommendations In report on Proposed Election Reforms, 2004 The Election Commission of India recommended that an amendment should be made to Rule 125A of Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 to provide for more stringent punishment for concealing or providing wrong information on Form 26 of Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 to minimum two years imprisonment and removing the alternative punishment of assessing a fine upon the candidate. It also recommended that Form 26 be amended to include all items from the additional affidavit prescribed by the Election Commission, add a column requiring candidates to disclose their annual declared income for tax purpose as well as their profession. The Law Commission of India Report on Reform of the Electoral Laws, 1999, suggested that an amendment be made to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, to insert a new section 4A after section 4 to make declaration of assets and criminal cases pending against the candidate part of the qualifications necessary for membership to the House of the People. Eligibility of candidates with criminal cases pending against them Section 8 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, provides for disqualification of candidates from contesting an election on conviction by a Court of Law. In subsection (i) It lists certain crimes and stipulates a disqualification period of six years from the date of conviction. In subsection (ii)It lists a different set of crimes and provides for the candidate to be disqualified for six years from the date of his release for that conviction. In subsection (iii)It provides that any candidate convicted for a crime for which the minimum imprisonment is two years shall also be disqualified for six additional years after his release. Recommendations by Election Commission and Law Commission of India Right to Reject: Both the Election Commission and Law Commission of India recommend that a negative or neutral voting option be created. Negative/ neutral voting means allowing voters to reject all of the candidates on the ballot by selection of a â€Å"none of the above† option instead of the name of a candidate on the ballot. In such a system there could a provision whereas if a certain percentage of the vote is negative/neutral, then the election results could be nullified and a new election conducted. Financing of Elections It is widely believed that in many cases successfully contesting an election costs a significant amount of money that is often much greater than the prescribed limits. A Consultation Paper to the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2001, noted that â€Å"the campaign expenditure by candidates is in the range of about twenty to thirty times the legal limits†. There are many negative social impacts of this high cost. Chapter 4 of the Report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2001, notes that the high cost of elections â€Å"creates a high degree of compulsion for corruption in the public arena† and that â€Å"the sources of some of the election funds are believed to be unaccounted criminal money in return for protection, unaccounted funds from business groups who expect a high return on this investment, kickbacks or commissions on contracts, etc. It also states that â€Å"Electoral compulsions for funds become the foundation of the whole super structure of corruption†. A number of remedies have been recommended by previous committees for curbing the negative impact of the high cost of elections: Official limits on campaign expenditure The legal position on expenditure in the case of India is outlined in section 77 of the Representation of the People Act 1951. Currently, limits on campaign e xpenditure are fixed at certain amounts depending on the nature of the election. However, it is believed that these limits are violated with audacity. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the actual cost of running an election campaign is often much greater than the prescribed spending limit. Recommendations of National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2001 The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2001, recommended that the existing ceiling on election expenses for the various legislative bodies should be suitably raised to a reasonable level reflecting increasing costs. The ceiling is currently Ra 25 lakh for a Lok Sabha seat and Rs 10 lakh for an Assembly seat. In order to cope with rising expenditures over time, this ceiling should be fixed by the Election Commission from time to time and should include all the expenses by the candidate as well as by his political party or his friends and well-wishers and any Recommendations by National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution recommended a follow-up action to the declaration of assets and liabilities by candidates that the particulars of the assets and liabilities of both candidates and political parties should be audited by a special authority created specifically under law for this purpose. Accounts of candidates and parties should be monitored through a system of checking and cross-checking through the income tax returns filed by candidates, parties, and their well wishers. At the end of the election each candidate should submit an audited statement of expenses under specific heads. Victimization of officers drafted for election duties The Election Commission utilizes the services of a large number of government officers for election duties, who perform important statutory functions in connection with preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of elections. The Election Commission has observed many of these officers are later subjected to humiliation and even vindictive disciplinary action by the government. Recommendations by the Election Commission The Election Commission recommends that, in the case of the government officers performing statutory functions in connection with preparation of electoral rolls, or in the conduct of elections, consultation with the Election Commission and its concurrence should be made compulsory before initiating any disciplinary/legal proceedings by the government. In the case of those officers who have ceased to hold election related positions, consultation with the Commission should be mandatory for initiating any disciplinary/legal proceedings for a period of one year from the date on which the officer ceased to hold election related position. Disqualification for failure to lodge election expenses Under Section 10A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, the Election Commission may disqualify a candidate for three years for failure to lodge the account of election expenses as per the requirement of the law. Thus, the period of disqualification may end by the time of the next general election to that House. Therefore, no effective purpose is served by the disqualification (except that the person cannot contest in the odd bye-election that may be held during the 3 year period). on Electoral Reforms Auditing of Finances of Political Parties As mentioned previously in this report, the high cost of elections provides a logic for corruption in the public arena. This affects not only candidates, but parties as well. In an order dated March 27, 2003, the Election Commission of India issued an order, in pursuance of the Supreme Court judgment dated March 13, 2003 in the Peoples Union for Civil Liberties Another Vs. Union of India case, that candidates for electoral office must submit an affidavit disclosing his assets and liabilities. This order, however, does not apply to political parties. Adjudication of Election Disputes Disputes relating to elections of the State Legislature and Union Legislature are adjudicated upon exclusively by the High Court’s before whom election petitions under Section 80 and 80-A of the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951, are filed. Sections 86(6) and 86(7) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, provide that the High Court shall make an Endeavour to dispose of an election petition within six months from its presentation and also as far as practicably possible conduct proceedings of an election petition on a day to day basis. In practice, however, cases involving election petitions are rarely resolved in a timely manner. According to the report â€Å"Ethics in Governance† of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission, â€Å"such petitions remain pending for years and in the meanwhile, even the full term of the house expires thus rendering the election petition in fructuous. CONCLUSION I would like to conclude this discussion with a brief mention of the commendable manner in which the Election Commission conducted the Election.. This act of the Election Commission, which conducted the elections of 600 million voters, is unprecedented in history. While considering this we should not forget, that this gigantic exercise was to be conducted among a voting population which is predominantly illiterate, we get the true magnitude of the achievement. The Commission was able to handle it not only efficiently but in record time. The polling was concluded in four days in 1977; in 1980 it was concluded in two days. Most of the results were declared within twenty-four hours after the conclusion of the polling.